التعريفات في ماده الدراما للدكتور محمد بهاء

What
is Drama? A drama is a form of composition in prose or in verse which
portrays life and character through dialogue and action. There are many
types of drama.
Studying Drama: The drama is much like the short story and the novel in
that it has: plot, characters, setting, themes and mood. It differs from
them in that everything is told through dialogue rather than through
narration, so you must follow the dialogue closely to follow the plot.
Act: The act is the major division of the play. It consists of one or
more scenes. Before the 19th century, there were usually five acts in
the play, but modern dramas usually have two or three acts.
Scene: The scene is the major division of the play dealing with a single situation.
Incident: is something that happens as a single event. A number of incident usually go together to form episode.
Episode: it is a group of related incident forming the definite part of
the plot of the play or the narrative workالعمل الروائي.
One act play: it means a play in one act. The one act play is comparable
to the short story as it should deal with a single crisisمشكلة معينةin
the life of a single character and it should create a single effect.

- Plot: a plot is the plane or pattern of events in the work of fiction
to bring the character through a conflict to an inevitable conclusion
نهاية حتميّة لا مفر منها. There is a series of incidents in which the
struggle of the hero with the opposing force increases, until the climax
is reached. There are certain essentials of any good plot:
1) There must be a conflict which is intensiveمكثّف to create suspenseالإثارة.
2) Incidents which are important to the development of the conflict which should be included.
3) The resolution الحل للمشكلة المطروحةmust be natural and not forcedغير مصطنع to convey the wanted message or impression.
- Sub-plot is a minor conflict in the play which usually supports the
main plot or emphasizes it. Sub-plots are very common in narratives and
dramas as a matter of facts.
- Climax: It is the point at which the conflict reaches its greatest
height and turning pointنقطة التحول occurs. In other word, it is the
highest point of interest.
- Anticlimax: it is an event which is less important than the event which precedes it.
- Prologue: is an introduction to a play. It is used to:
1) establish the mood.
2) give antecedent actions الأحداث السابقة
3) lay the setting and expand the theme.
- Exposition: it is the process of giving the reader or the audience
necessary information about characters and antecedent actions before the
beginning of the plot.
- Antecedent action: it is the action that occurred before the narrative
begins and is important for the plot to be included inموجودة في the
exposition.
- Complicating incident: it is sometimes called "exciting forces". It
also means the first incident which creates a conflict of forces.
- Foreshadowing: it is the process of giving the audience a hint نبذةabout the coming events.
- Suspense: it is a combination of two things as it depends on the
audience when he reads about the conflict and its effect on himوالأثر
التي تتركه فيهwith the great interest of the outcome. Suspense may be
recognized in many ways: through the effective sense ending and after
the climax. The reader also should be aware of the inevitable
conclusion, so the author must delay the climax until the end of his
work to keep the reader's interest.
- Resolution: it is a part of the play (drama) in which the problems are solved.
- Catastrophe: it is the final event in the story which completely
resolves the conflictالصراع. In Comedy, the catastrophe is happy.
- Epilogue: it is a short speech or poem addressed to توجّه الى the audience at the end or after the conclusion of the play.
- Convention: it is the accepted way of doing something.
- Crisis: it is a moment in the drama when the conflict brought to the
intense struggleعندما يصل الصراع الى أصى حد. There are usually a number
of crisis preceding the climax.

- Dialogue is the conversation between characters in the play. It may be
in prose or verse. A good dialogue should be dynamicمتحرّكة متعددة
الأحداث and interactive. Conflict in Drama is the struggle in the form
of confrontationمواجهةbetween opposing forces. Confrontation can be
verbal or silent. A silent confrontation can be more telling than a
Verbal one.
- Dramatic Poetry: It is written in the form of Drama such as the
Elizabethan plays = 16th century and closed Drama. In The Modern Times
T.S Elliot has written a successful poetic Drama “Murder in the
Cathedral“.
- Soliloquy: It is a speech by a character in a play when he is alone on
the stageمناجاه للنفس. In it, he reveals to the audiences what is not
revealed. The best known in all is "To be or not to be".
- Aside: It is a comment تعليقmade by players in a drama which is
supposed to be audible only to the audience يسمعه المشاهدين فقطnot to
other players. It is like the "Soliloquy" except that it is shorter and
the speaker is not alone in the stage.
- Chorus: In Greek Drama, a chorus is a company = group of singers who
gave expression and helped to direct the emotional responses of the
audience. It also divided the play in to acts by their songs between
episodes.
- Closet Drama: It is a dramatic poetry which is intended for reading than for productionيفضّل قرائتها أكثر من تمثيلها.

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